The energy converter of solar photovoltaic power generation is solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. The principle of solar cell power generation is the photovoltaic effect. When sunlight shines on a solar cell, the cell absorbs light energy and generates photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Under the action of the built-in electric field of the battery, photo-generated electrons and holes are separated, and there is an accumulation of charges of different signs at both ends of the battery, which generates a "photo-generated voltage". This is the "photovoltaic effect". If electrodes are drawn out on both sides of the built-in electric field and a load is connected, a "photo generated current" will flow through the load, thereby obtaining power output. In this way, the sun's light energy is directly converted into usable electrical energy.

At the same temperature, the impact of light intensity on solar panels: the greater the light intensity, the greater the open circuit voltage and short circuit current of the solar panel, and the greater the maximum output power. At the same time, it can be seen that the open circuit voltage changes with the irradiation intensity. It is not as obvious as the change of short-circuit current with irradiation intensity.

Under the same light intensity, the effect of temperature on the solar panel: When the temperature of the solar cell increases, its output open-circuit voltage decreases significantly with the temperature, the short-circuit current increases slightly, and the general trend is that the maximum output power becomes smaller

Characteristics of solar cells

Solar cell modules have high photoelectric conversion efficiency and high reliability; advanced diffusion technology ensures uniformity of conversion efficiency throughout the chip; ensures good conductivity, reliable adhesion and good electrode weldability; high precision The silk screen printing graphics and high flatness make the battery easy to automatically weld and laser cut.

According to the different materials used, solar cells can be divided into: silicon solar cells, multi-compound thin film solar cells, polymer multi-layer modified electrode solar cells, nanocrystalline solar cells, organic solar cells, plastic solar cells, among which silicon solar cells Batteries are the most mature and dominate applications.

The sunlight of the solar panel shines on the p-n junction of the semiconductor, forming a new hole---electron pair. Under the action of the p---n junction electric field, the holes flow from the n region to the p region, and the electrons flow from the p region to the n region. , a current is formed when the circuit is turned on. This is how photovoltaic effect solar cells work.

There are two methods of solar power generation, one is the light-heat-electricity conversion method, and the other is the light-electricity direct conversion method.

(1) Light-heat-electricity conversion method

By utilizing the thermal energy generated by solar radiation to generate electricity, a solar collector generally converts the absorbed thermal energy into steam as a working fluid, and then drives a steam turbine to generate electricity. The former process is a light-heat conversion process; the latter process is a heat-electricity conversion process, which is the same as ordinary thermal power generation. The disadvantages of solar thermal power generation are that the efficiency is very low and the cost is high. It is estimated that its investment is at least higher than that of ordinary thermal power generation. The power station is 5 to 10 times more expensive. A 1000MW solar thermal power station requires an investment of 2 billion to 2.5 billion US dollars, and the average investment for 1 kW is 2000 to 2500 US dollars. Therefore, it can only be used on a small scale in special occasions, and large-scale utilization is economically uneconomical and cannot compete with ordinary thermal power plants or nuclear power plants.

(2) Light-to-electricity direct conversion method

This method uses the photoelectric effect to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy. The basic device for photo-electric conversion is the solar cell. A solar cell is a device that directly converts sunlight energy into electrical energy due to the photovoltaic effect. It is a semiconductor photodiode. When the sun shines on the photodiode, the photodiode converts the sun's light energy into electrical energy, producing current. When many batteries are connected in series or parallel, a solar cell array with relatively large output power can be formed. Solar cells are a promising new power source with three major advantages: permanence, cleanliness and flexibility. Solar cells have a long life and can be invested once and used for a long time as long as the sun exists; they are different from thermal power generation and nuclear power generation. In comparison, solar cells do not cause environmental pollution; solar cells can be used in both large, medium and small sizes, ranging from medium-sized power stations with one million kilowatts to small solar battery packs for only one household. This is a panel raw material that other power sources cannot match: Glass, EVA, battery sheets, aluminum alloy shells, tin-coated copper sheets, stainless steel prices, batteries, etc.

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